History The Great Pyramid of Giza
History and description
The home of the ancient Pharaoh, Egypt is an attractive destination for temples and tombs that amaze everyone who visits. However, not all historical treasures. With its vast expanse of desert, incredible scuba diving, and the famous Nile River, there is something for everyone here.
Beach lovers go to Sinai to enjoy the sunshine, while archeology enthusiasts will have a field day in Luxor. Cairo is a megalopolis that cannot be beaten because of the city raincoat, while the Shiva oasis and the southern city of Aswan offer slices of slow rural speed.
Egypt has so many things to see and do by travelers, this is the perfect country for a mix of activities that combine culture, adventure and relaxation. Find the best places to visit with a list of the best tourist attractions in Egypt.
The Giza Pyramid, the last of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, is one of the most famous landmarks in the world. Built as a tomb for the mighty Pharaoh and guarded by the enigmatic Sphinx, the Giza pyramid complex has fascinated travelers for centuries and has archaeologists (and some conspiracy theorists) scratching their heads about how they were built over the centuries -century.
At present, the megalithic memorial to dead kings is still an amazing sight as before. An undeniable highlight of the trip to Egypt, the Giza pyramids should not be missed.
Egyptian experts believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb for the Pharaoh Khufu of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt (often Hellenized as "Cheops") and built for 20 years. Wazir Khufu, Hemiunu (also called Hemon), is believed by some to be the architect of the Great Pyramid. [3] It is estimated that, in construction, the Great Pyramid was originally 280 cubits of the Kingdom of Egypt (146.5 meters (480.6 feet)), but with erosion and the absence of the pyramid, the current height is 138.8 meters (455.4 ) feet). Each side of the base is 440 cubits, 230.4 meters long (755.9 feet). The mass of the pyramid is estimated at 5.9 million tons. The volume, including internal hills, is around 2,500,000 cubic meters (88,000,000 cubic feet).
The first precision measurement of the pyramid was carried out by Ancient Egyptian expert Sir Flinders Petrie in 1880-1882 and published as The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh. [5] Almost all reports are based on measurements. Many stone masks and deep space blocks of the Great Pyramid fit very high precision. Based on measurements made on the northeastern sheath stone, the average opening of the connection is only 0.5 millimeter (0.020 in) wide. [6]
The pyramid has remained the tallest man-made structure in the world for more than 3,800 years, [7] unmatched until the summit of Lincoln Cathedral as high as 160 meters (520 feet) has been completed c. 1300. The accuracy of working on the pyramid is such that the four basic sides have an average error of only 58 millimeters. [8] The base is horizontal and flat within ± 15 mm (0.6 in). [9] The base side of the square is closely aligned with the four main points of the eye (within four arc minutes) [10] based on true north, not magnetic north, [11] and the base has been squared for an average error angle of only 12 arc seconds.
The complete design dimension, as suggested by Petrie's survey and subsequent research, was initially estimated at 280 cubits of the Kingdom of Egypt with a length of 440 cubits on each of its four sides. The perimeter to height ratio of 1760/280 cubits of the Kingdom of Egypt is equivalent to 2 with an accuracy better than 0.05 percent (according to famous estimates π as 22/7). Some Egyptian experts consider this to be the result of deliberate design proportions. Verner wrote, "We can conclude that although the ancient Egyptians could not precisely define the value π, in practice they used it". [13] Petrie concluded: "but the relationship between area and circular ratio is so systematic that we must recognize that they are in the design of the builder". [14] Others argue that the ancient Egyptians did not have the concept of pi and would not think of encoding it in their monuments. They believe that the slope of the pyramid observed may be based on a simple choice of slope, regardless of the overall size and proportion of the finished building. [15] In 2013, papyrus scrolls called Diary of Merer were found written by some of them who sent limestone and other construction materials from Tora to Giza.
Material
The Great Pyramid consists of around 2.3 million blocks which are believed to have been mostly transported from nearby mines. Tura limestone is used for casing which is dug across the river. The largest granite in the pyramid, found in the "King" room, weighs 25 to 80 tons and is transported from Aswan, more than 800 km (500 miles) away. [Citation needed] The ancient Egyptians cut stones into rough blocks by hammering grooves into the surface of natural stone, inserting pieces of wood, then soaking them with water. When water is absorbed, the slices expand, deciding which pieces can be worked on. As soon as the blocks were cut, they were transported by boat either up or down the Nile to the pyramid. [17] It is estimated that 5.5 million tons of limestone, 8,000 tons of granite (imported from Aswan), and 500,000 tons of mortar were used in the construction of the Great Pyramid.
Casing stones
The Great Pyramid consists of around 2.3 million blocks which are believed to have been mostly transported from nearby mines. Tura limestone is used for casing which is dug across the river. The largest granite in the pyramid, found in the "King" room, weighs 25 to 80 tons and is transported from Aswan, more than 800 km (500 miles) away. [Citation needed] The ancient Egyptians cut stones into rough blocks by hammering grooves into the surface of natural stone, inserting pieces of wood, then soaking them with water. When water is absorbed, the slices expand, deciding which pieces can be worked on. As soon as the blocks were cut, they were transported by boat either up or down the Nile to the pyramid. [17] It is estimated that 5.5 million tons of limestone, 8,000 tons of granite (imported from Aswan), and 500,000 tons of mortar were used in the construction of the Great Pyramid.
Casing stones
Casing stone at the British Museum [19]
When finished, the Great Pyramid appears with a white "stone veil" - a block of white limestone with a flat but flat face. This is carefully cut to about the face slope with at least 5
the palm to give the needed dimension. Visible, all that remains is the underlying stepping stone structure seen today. al-Hasan to build mosques and fortresses near Cairo. [citation needed] Many more stone casings were removed from the great pyramid by Muhammad Ali Pasha in the early 19th century to build the upper part of the Alabaster Mosque in Cairo, not far from Giza. [Citation needed] This limestone sheath can still be seen as part of this structure. Explorers then reported a large pile of debris at the base of the pyramid that remained from the collapse of the stone cloak, which was then cleaned during the excavation of the site in progress.
However, some stone veils from the lowest lane can be seen to this day around the base of the Great Pyramid, and display the same workmanship and accuracy that has been reported for centuries. Petrie also found a different orientation in the core and in the casing measuring 193 centimeters ± 25 centimeters. He suggested that the northern reassignments take place after the core construction, but mistakes were made, and the casing was built in a different orientation. [5] Petrie links the accuracy of protective stones as "the same as the work of optometrists at this time, but on a scale of one hectare" and "putting the stone in the right contact would be careful work, but doing so with cement in a connection seems almost impossible. "Button. [20] It was recommended that the mortar ("cement" Petrie) which made this seemingly impossible task possible, provided a flat bed, which allowed the masons to arrange the stones appropriately.
Build a Boom
The achievements of ancient techniques at Giza are so impressive that even scientists today cannot be sure how the pyramids were built. But they have learned a lot about the people who built it and the political power needed to make it happen.The builders were skilled and well-fed Egyptian workers living in a nearby temporary city. Archaeological excavations at this interesting site have revealed a highly organized, resource-rich community, which must have been supported by a strong central authority.It is likely that communities throughout Egypt contributed workers, as well as food and other basic needs, to what in some ways became a national project to display the wealth and control of ancient pharaohs.Such disclosure has made Zahi Hawass, secretary general of Egypt's Supreme Antiques Council and explorer of the National Geographic residence, to note that on one side it was the Pyramids that built Egypt - not vice versa.
Construction theoryClay seals bearing the name Khufu from the Great Pyramid are on display at the Musée du Louvre
Many alternative, often contradictory, theories have been put forward regarding pyramid construction techniques. [23] Many disagreed whether the block was dragged, lifted, or even rolled into place. The Greeks believed that slave labor was used, but modern discoveries made in nearby labor camps related to construction in Giza show that it was built not from tens of thousands of skilled workers. Verner suggested that workers were organized into a hierarchy, consisting of two gangs consisting of 100,000 men, each divided into five zaas or phyle consisting of 20,000 men, who might be further divided according to the skills of the workers.One of the mysteries of pyramid construction is its planning. John Romer suggested that they use the same method that had been used for construction before and then, putting parts of the plan on a scale of 1 to 1. He wrote that "such a work diagram would also function to produce a pyramid architecture with unmatched accuracy. in other ways. "[25] He also proposed a period of 14 years for its construction. [26] A study of modern construction management, in collaboration with Mark Lehner and other Egyptian scientists, estimates that the total project requires an average workforce of around 14,500 people and a peak workforce of around 40,000. Without using pulleys, wheels, or iron tools, they use the critical path analysis method, which shows that the Great Pyramid was completed from start to finish in about 10 years.
Inland
Diagram of the interior structure of the Great Pyramid. The inner lines show the current pyramid profile; an outline shows the original profile.
The original entrance to the Great Pyramid is to the north, 17 meters (56 feet) vertically above ground level and 7.29 meters (23.9 feet) east of the diameter of the pyramid. From this original entrance, there is a Descending Passage as high as 0.96 meters (3.1 feet) and 1.04 meters (3.4 feet), which descends at an angle of 26 ° 31'23 "through the pyramid and then becomes the rock bottom at After 105.23 meters (345.2 feet) below, the hallway becomes level and continues for an additional 8.84 meters (29.0 feet) to the lower chamber, which seems unfinished. There is a continuation of the horizontal passageway on the southern wall of the basement, there were also holes dug in the floor of the room. Some ancient Egyptian experts thought that the Lower Room was intended as the original burial chamber, but Pharaoh Khufu later changed his mind and wanted him to be higher in the pyramid.28.2 meters (93 feet) from the entrance is a square hole in the roof of the Passage Passage. Initially hidden with stone slabs, this is the beginning of Ascending Passage. [Citation needed] The Ascending Passage is 39.3 meters (129 feet) long, as wide and as high as Descending Passage and tilted upward at almost the same angle to reach the Great Gallery. The lower end of the Ascending Passage is covered by three large granite blocks, each about 1.5 meters (4.9 feet) long. [Citation needed] Someone must use the Robber Tunnel (see below) to access Passage. [Citation needed] At the beginning of the Grand Gallery on the right side there is a hole in the wall. This is the beginning of the vertical axis that follows an irregular path through the pyramid to join the Descending Passage. Also at the beginning of the Grand Gallery there is a Horizontal Section which leads to the "Queen's Room". This section is as high as 1.1 m (3'8 ") for most of its length, but near the cubicle there are steps on the floor, after that this part is as high as 1.73 meters (5.7 feet)
The original entrance to the Great Pyramid is to the north, 17 meters (56 feet) vertically above ground level and 7.29 meters (23.9 feet) east of the diameter of the pyramid. From this original entrance, there is a Descending Passage as high as 0.96 meters (3.1 feet) and 1.04 meters (3.4 feet), which descends at an angle of 26 ° 31'23 "through the pyramid and then becomes the rock bottom at After 105.23 meters (345.2 feet) below, the hallway becomes level and continues for an additional 8.84 meters (29.0 feet) to the lower chamber, which seems unfinished. There is a continuation of the horizontal passageway on the southern wall of the basement, there were also holes dug in the floor of the room. Some ancient Egyptian experts thought that the Lower Room was intended as the original burial chamber, but Pharaoh Khufu later changed his mind and wanted him to be higher in the pyramid.28.2 meters (93 feet) from the entrance is a square hole in the roof of the Passage Passage. Initially hidden with stone slabs, this is the beginning of Ascending Passage. [Citation needed] The Ascending Passage is 39.3 meters (129 feet) long, as wide and as high as Descending Passage and tilted upward at almost the same angle to reach the Great Gallery. The lower end of the Ascending Passage is covered by three large granite blocks, each about 1.5 meters (4.9 feet) long. [Citation needed] Someone must use the Robber Tunnel (see below) to access Passage. [Citation needed] At the beginning of the Grand Gallery on the right side there is a hole in the wall. This is the beginning of the vertical axis that follows an irregular path through the pyramid to join the Descending Passage. Also at the beginning of the Grand Gallery there is a Horizontal Section which leads to the "Queen's Room". This section is as high as 1.1 m (3'8 ") for most of its length, but near the cubicle there are steps on the floor, after that this part is as high as 1.73 meters (5.7 feet)
0 comments